Sunday, January 26, 2020

Operating Systems Tasks and Programming Lab

Operating Systems Tasks and Programming Lab Lab Activity 1 Operating Systems Tasks and Programming a) Future of operating systems. [Report on the future of operating systems here] b) Programming activity C++ #include using namespace std; int main() { ÂÂ   int id = 6669447; string name = Salman Mohammed Fazal; int counter = 0; for (int i = 0; i cout counter++; //increment counter if (counter == id[-1]) { //if counter = last character of ID cout counter = 0; //reset counter } } } JAVA public class test { public static void main(String[] args) { int id = 6669447; String name = Salman Mohammed Fazal; int counter = 0; for (int i = 0; i System.out.print(name.charAt(i)); //print character counter++; //increment counter if (counter == id[-1]) { //when counter is last character of ID System.out.println(); //new line counter = 0; //reset counter } } } } PYTHON name = Salman Mohammed Fazal id = 6669447 for i in range (0, len(name), int(id[-1])): #for every n characters print(name[i:i+ int(id[-1]))]) #slice and print string Code Outcome (same for all) Lab Activity 2 Linux Command Line (Commands and outcomes from a series of small tasks that require use of a number of Linux commands) How made Portfolio1 directory read/write/executable only for you and your group. That is, not for others.ÂÂ   Show evidence of this with ls command. How downloaded the script http://www.centerkey.com/tree/tree.sh to your home directory using wget and make it executable. Making Directories How created a 207se directory in your Portfolio1 directory. How created numbered directories for the labs. i.e. lab1 and lab2 etc. Evidence of transferring lab1 activity into appropriate directory Evidence of make directory activities using tree.sh Display todays date and using the cal command show the month that you were born. Move into the lab1 directory and use the appropriate command to show the current directory What is talk, write and wall are for The Talk command is used for exchanging messages with other users who are logged on the same network. The Write command is used to send messages to users in the same network. This one-way only. The Wall command is used to send messages to all the users in the entire network. This is limited to the admins only. ÂÂ  What command prevents the effects of those three commands from interrupting you. To prevent users from interrupting you, you can use the Mesg command. This command basically enables or disables users from writing to your terminal. Mesg y to Allow access and Mesg n to deny access. The song in song.txt. Using wc the number of words and lines in the file. Using grep to get the lines containing and and the number of the lines contain and in the document Use cat to show the contents of the file. Appropriate Linux command to see if the two files differ and how they differ. Use sort to sort the file and redirect the output to a new file called song2.txt Use sort and rev to reverse the sorted contents of song.txt and append the output to song2.txt Total memory used and the total memory available Find out how you can display your username on the screen. List the processes that are running. What are the differences between the Linux commands less, more and most. The more command works similarly to the cat command by displaying contents of a file, however the more command, you view bits of the text (a screenful), and is in a forward-scrollable manner. The less command is similar to the more command, however with this it is possible to scroll both, forward and backward. The most command is more like the less command, but the only difference is, it is possible to view several files at once with this command. The basic syntax for these commands are: more less Lab Activity 4 Bootloader Brief description of the Lab activity and what you did This weeks task was to create a bootloader using Assembly which included my student details and a triangle of dots. We then have to boot the bootloader with bochs. Boot pragma linux with bochs Make a bootloader that displays your student details and triangle Commented bootloader code to display your student details and triangle [BITS 16] [ORG 0x7C00] top: ;; Put 0 into ds (data segment) ;; Cant do it directly mov ax,0x0000 mov ds,ax ;; si is the location relative to the data segment of the ;; string/char to display mov si, msg call writeString ; See below jmp $ ; Spin writeString: mov ah,0x0E ; Display a chacter (as before) mov bh,0x00 mov bl,0x07 nextchar: Lodsb ; Loads [SI] into AL and increases SI by one ;; Effectively pumps the string through AL cmp al,0 ; End of the string? jz done int 0x10 ; BIOS interrupt jmp nextchar done: ret msg db Name: Salman Fazal,13,10, Email: [emailprotected], 13,10, Fav Module: 207SE ;), 13,10, DOB: 01/08/1996 21 ,13,10, Std ID: 6669447 ; Null-terminated times 510-($-$$) db 0 dw 0xAA55 Output from Bochs showing student details and triangle Lab Activity 6 Memory Management Memory Allocation Activities Due to the code outputs being too long, I have just snipped a portion of the result, however all of my answers match with the results in the code. * NULL = Memory address not allocated. First-Fit Best-Fit Worst-Fit Paging Activities FIFO 4 2 7 7 5 6 3 9 3 2 2 Page Entry 0 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 9 9 9 9 Page Entry 1 2 2 2 2 6 6 6 6 2 2 Page Entry 2 7 7 7 7 3 3 3 3 3 Page Fault F F F H F F F F H F H Page Fault Total: 8 4 2 7 7 5 6 3 9 3 2 2 Page Entry 0 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 Page Entry 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 Page Entry 2 7 7 7 7 7 9 9 9 9 Page Entry 3 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 Page Fault F F F H F F F F H F H Page Fault Total: 8 RANDOM 4 2 7 7 5 6 3 9 3 2 2 Page Entry 0 4 4 4 4 5 6 6 6 6 2 2 Page Entry 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 9 9 9 9 Page Entry 2 7 7 7 7 3 3 3 3 3 Page Fault F F F H F F F F H F H Page Faults Total: 8 4 2 7 7 5 6 3 9 3 2 2 Page Entry 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 9 9 9 9 Page Entry 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Page Entry 2 7 7 7 7 3 3 3 3 3 Page Entry 3 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 Page Fault F F F H F F F F H H H Page Fault Total: 7 The random algorithm did not give me the same result as the way I solved it. This is because There is no specific rule/method on what memory block to be replaced. Each time a process needs to be moved to a memory block, a random memory block is chosen in order to swap the process. Evidence of running code Lab Activity 7 Buffer Brief description of the Buffer Activity This weeks task involved using buffers in terms of reading and writing from a file Commented Buffer.c code #include //library for file control options #include //library for general purpose tools #include //header file #include //file IO #define BUF_SIZE 500 //sets buffer size to 500 #define OUTPUT_MODE 0700 //defines the output mode, sets file permissions int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { //Define variables int in_fd, out_fd; //hold associated numbers on both files int rd_size = 1; //hold amount of bytes in buffer (final should be 500) int wr_size; //hold amount of bytes on the output file char buf[BUF_SIZE]; //initialise buffer and its size if (argc != 3) //check for correct number of arguments exit(1); //exit if too many or too few parameters in_fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY); //open file to read from (read only) //if file isnt found, variable will have a negative number if (in_fd exit(2); //exit if files empty out_fd = creat(argv[2], OUTPUT_MODE); //create the output file //if file isnt created, variable will have a negative number if (out_fd exit(3); //exit if cannot write to the file while (rd_size > 0) { //while characters (in file) still exist: rd_size = read(in_fd, buf, BUF_SIZE); //read the file into buffer if (rd_size exit(4); //exit if error while reading wr_size = write(out_fd, buf, rd_size); //write from buffer into file if (wr_size close(in_fd); close(out_fd); //close both of the files if error found exit(5); //exit if error while writing } } } Update the code to so that it prints if an error has occurred or if a file is successfully created with the content of the review in it. After running code what is in hamlet.txt #include //library for file control options #include //library for general purpose tools #include //header file #include //file IO #define BUF_SIZE 500 //sets buffer size to 500 #define OUTPUT_MODE 0700 //defines the output mode, sets file permissions int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { //Define variables int in_fd, out_fd; //hold associated numbers on both files int rd_size = 1; //hold amount of bytes in buffer (final should be 500) int wr_size; //hold amount of bytes on the output file char buf[BUF_SIZE]; //initialise buffer and its size if (argc != 3) { //check for correct number of arguments printf(Error: Invalid number of parameters passed.); exit(1); //exit if too many or too few parameters } in_fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY); //open file to read from (read only) //if file isnt found, variable will have a negative number if (in_fd printf(Error: File not found.); exit(2); //exit if files empty } out_fd = creat(argv[2], OUTPUT_MODE); //create the output file //if file isnt created, variable will have a negative number if (out_fd printf(Error: File not created.); exit(3); //exit if cannot write to the file } while (rd_size > 0) { //while characters (in file) still exist: rd_size = read(in_fd, buf, BUF_SIZE); //read the file into buffer if (rd_size printf(Error: Cant read from file.); exit(4); //exit if error while reading } wr_size = write(out_fd, buf, rd_size); //write from buffer into file if (wr_size close(in_fd); close(out_fd); //close both of the files if error found exit(5); //exit if error while writing } } printf(Operation Successful!); } After compiling and running the code, the hamlet.txt file contained the exact same text that was in the main review.txt file Evidence: Updated buffer.c code to show how many character are read to buffer, how many character read at a time into the buffer, how many words in the document and how many times the buffer is filled #include //library for file control options #include //library for general purpose tools #include //header file #include //file IO #define BUF_SIZE 500 //sets buffer size to 500 #define OUTPUT_MODE 0700 //defines the output mode, sets file permissions int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { //Define variables int in_fd, out_fd; //hold associated numbers on both files int rd_size = 1; //hold amount of bytes in buffer (final should be 500) int wr_size; //hold amount of bytes on the output file char buf[BUF_SIZE]; //initialise buffer and its size int rd_count = 0, buf_count = 0, wd_count = 0; if (argc != 3) { //check for correct number of arguments printf(Error: Invalid number of parameters passed.); exit(1); //exit if too many or too few parameters } in_fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY); //open file to read from (read only) //if file isnt found, variable will have a negative number if (in_fd printf(Error: File not found.); exit(2); //exit if files empty } out_fd = creat(argv[2], OUTPUT_MODE); //create the output file //if file isnt created, variable will have a negative number if (out_fd printf(Error: File not created.); exit(3); //exit if cannot write to the file } while (rd_size > 0) { //while characters (in file) still exist: rd_size = read(in_fd, buf, BUF_SIZE); //read the file into buffer if (rd_size printf(Error: Cant read from file.); exit(4); //exit if error while reading } if (rd_size == 500){ //if read, rd_count += 500; buf_count += 1; //increment character and buffer counter } else{ rd_count += rd_size; } for (int i=0; i if(buf[i] == ) wd_count+=1; //increment if space found } wr_size = write(out_fd, buf, rd_size); //write from buffer into file if (wr_size printf(Successfully written to file!n); close(in_fd); close(out_fd); //close both files printf(Total number of characters read is: %d.n, rd_count); printf(Total number of words: %d.n, wd_count); printf(Buffer filled %d times.n, buf_count); exit(5); } } } Impact of changing buffer size I altered the buffer 3 times, the first was changing the size to 1000, the second was 1300 and the third was 2000. What I noticed was as the buffer size increases, the amount of times the buffer is filled decreases as the buffer is able to fill in more characters each time. Below is a screen shot of when the buffer size was set to 2000: We can see the buffer at this time was filled 0 times, meaning the entire text was placed into the buffer. Updated buffer.c code to compare if two files are the same #include //library for file control options #include //library for general purpose tools #include //header file #include //file IO #define BUF_SIZE 500 //sets buffer size to 500 #define OUTPUT_MODE 0700 //defines the output mode, sets file permissions int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { //Define variables int in_fd, in_fd2; //hold associated numbers on both files int rd_size = 1; //hold amount of bytes in buffer (final should be 500) int rd_size2 = 1; char buf[BUF_SIZE]; //initialise buffer and its size char buf2[BUF_SIZE]; //initialise buffer and its size //int rd_count = 0, buf_count = 0, wd_count = 0; if (argc != 3) { //check for correct number of arguments printf(Error: Invalid number of parameters passed.); exit(1); //exit if too many or too few parameters } in_fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY); //open first file to read from if (in_fd printf(Error: File not found.); exit(2); //exit if files empty } in_fd2 = open(argv[2], O_RDONLY); //open second file to read from //if file isnt found, variable will have a negative number if (in_fd2 printf(Error: File not found.); exit(3); //exit if files empty } while (rd_size > 0 rd_size2 > 0) { //while characters (in file) still exist: rd_size = read(in_fd, buf, BUF_SIZE); //read file 1 to buffer rd_size2 = read(in_fd2, buf2, BUF_SIZE); //read file 2 to buffer if (rd_size printf(Error: Cant read from file.); exit(4); } for (int i=0; i if(buf[i] != buf2[i]){ //if characters of the 2 files are not the same: printf(The files are not the same!); close(in_fd); close(in_fd2); exit(5); //print message and close } } } printf(YESSSSSS!! The files are the same.); //if code passes the loop, theyre the same! } Comparison of review.txt and hamlet.txt Comparison of hamlet.txt and review_observer.txt Lab Activity 8 Cache Buffer Brief Description of Cache Buffer Activity This weeks task was to alter the cache_reader.c file and complete the cr_read_byte function. Additionally, we also had to add a count of the total number of bytes and the number of times the buffer was filled. Commented implementation of the cr_read_byte function char cr_read_byte(cr_file* f){ /* 1. check if buffer needs refilling 2. return currently pointed character 3. move pointer to next character */ if(f->usedbuffer >= f->bufferlength){ refill(f); } char currentChar = f->buffer[f->usedbuffer]; f->usedbuffer++; return currentChar; } Comment updated code to show that each byte is being read, and when the buffer is being refilled. To show that the buffer is being refilled, I added a print statement each time the buffer refills in the cr_read_byte() function. Also the next part of the question will show that the buffer is being refilled and the bytes are being read by keeping a count each time that happens. *The code for this part of the question is combined with the next part (cache_reader.c). (I set the buffer to 200) Commented updated code showing to show how many bytes were read in total, and how many times the buffer was refilled In this part, I had to update the code in 3 different files, below are the screenshots of every update I made: cache_reader.h In this sec

Saturday, January 18, 2020

On the Road Essay

Response: Chapters 1-2 From the very first pages of the book it becomes clear that the book is a novel of characters rather than a novel of plot. I think the novel captures the audience due to unexpected movements of the main characters. First chapters show that the whole plot centers on the character of Dean Moriarty. The novel starts with Sal’s descriptions of his life before Dead. He has just split up with his wife, has recovered from serious illness and, we see that he simply doesn’t know where to move and how to arrange his life. Sal seems to be weaker personality than Dean, who manages to direct Sal’s actions the way he likes. Sal feels tired and depressed and I think that he has lost sense of life. It is Dean that sparks Sal’s personality into motion. It is possible to say that Dean is personification of Sal’s dreams. Sal has always dreamed of moving to the West and Deans arrives from there. Dean lives in San Francisco, travels across the country. Dean drinks a lot, uses drugs and has many women. Moreover, he is a father of four children from two different women. In the first two chapters Kerouac juxtaposes the ideas of the East and the West. The East is presented as old, intellectual, critical, saddened and stagnant, whereas the West is presented as passionate, wild, young and exuberant. Sal and Dean are described with attributes of the places they are from. The West is a new horizon for Sal, and the East is a new horizon for Dean. The novel is told from Sal’s perspective and we are allowed only to see and to feel through Sal. In the first chapters Sal remain unchanged; he is only sparked with the idea of something new and unexplored. Sal is impressed by Dean’s impulsiveness and recklessness. I think that Sal is willing to have the same qualities as Dean, he realizes that he may change his life, to introduce something new and wild in his bored lifestyle. Response: Chapters 3-4 We see that Sal’s adventure with Dean begins. Sal is very excited as he will become acquainted with places he has never been to. Thus, his descriptions of the passing places are exuberant and vivid. I think Sal fees younger, stronger and more confident. Through the long sentences and paragraphs, Kerouac shows that Sal’s exciting feelings are constant, they are rolling in motion. Sal reminds a child who is allowed to something secret, forbidden, something he has never been allowed to do. Relative lull occurs in the Des Moines hotel, when Sal awakes in the morning and can’t understand where he is, who he is and what he is doing. He realizes he is somewhere halfway across America, between the East and West. I think Sal realizes he is halfway from his long-awaited dream. Sal’s emotions are paralleled with surrounding geography. Through geography Sal manages to provide his emotions, ideas and dreams with definite forms. Sal’s emotions are changing and geography is changing as well. Interestingly, Sal feels when approaching the west everything is better and bigger. Even the ice cream and apple pie are testier. All the characters Sal meets on the road are individuals, they are epitomes of the region, embodiments of better living standards. To signify all events and characters, Sal describes everything in superlatives – the best, the prettiest, the hugest, etc. It shows that he is really fascinated with his journey and really obsessed with the West. For Sal, Denver is the Promised Land, Nebraska resembles the Nile Valley, and San Francisco is the greatest among them. Sal visits Denver, where Dean was born. Again Sal thinks Dean is envisioning the West. These chapters are the climax of Sal’s compassion, excitement and clear-eyed tolerance. We see Sal simply follows Dean in everything; he even reshapes his values and beliefs. Response: Chapters 5-6 Sal’s adventure with Dean continues: new impressions, new acquaintances, new ideas and new dreams. Sal realizes that the West is approaching, and he feels more confident that his dream will come true. Nevertheless, we see that Sal remains modest about himself, although he envisions place and people in grand terms. Sal is constantly pleased, and, at the same time, he seems not to believe that he may approach the West. He has been dreaming of the West for many years, and I think it is difficult for him to understand that his dream may be accomplished. He is thankful to Dean for opportunity of self-expression and self-realization. In my opinion, I can’t say that Dean is positive character. Yes, he has influenced Sal showing him new opportunities and new horizons, but Dean is too wild and mad. Sal didn’t understand yet possible outcomes of their so-called friendship. Dean is zealous and wild personality, though he is captivating as well. And his wildness and craziness attracts Sal who used to live a calm life. Sal begins picturing himself in the eyes of his new friends. He stumbles into Denver considering the city mysterious. Nonetheless, we know that Sal is too earnest and infatuated to affect something or someone. Sal is the person who is affected, not the one who affects. Despite Sal is with his friends, he feels less- confident. When he gives a cryptic answer, he is criticized and, instead of defending his position, he explains that he doesn’t know what they try to get at. In these chapters Kerouac shows that Sal is more an observer rather than performer. He faces new world and he doesn’t know how to cope with it, how to behave, what to expect from it. I think that the majority of Sal’s idealistic visions are nothing more than facades, and in future they will definitely result in sadness and disillusionment. However, Sal is mot aware of that fact.

Friday, January 10, 2020

The Honest to Goodness Truth on Online Research Papers

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Thursday, January 2, 2020

Sociology and Social Change - 6058 Words

SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL CHANGE The air does not cease to have weight, writes Durkheim, although we no longer feel that weight.(1) The point is, of course, how do we know that there is that thing called air out there if we do not feel its presence? What Durkheim was interested to show, indeed, was that those elements of reality that he came to call social facts(2) were out there, regardless of whether the individuals felt their presence or not. Actually, the individuals are almost never aware of the compelling presence of those social facts, which they have a tendency to take for granted. Sometimes, however, social facts appear unmistakably to the individual who is not even trained sociologically to discover that which is not so†¦show more content†¦The object of Webers study of history has been the tracing of the process of rationalization of human life. His model of social change entails a multidimensional triumph of reason, which slowly came to pervade every area of social li fe in the Occident and which has led to the disenchantment of the World, the fall from grace of magic, tradition, charisma, and affectivity in the legitimation of authority and wisdom. Social change, thus, was at the core of the foundation of sociology as a discipline. The preoccupation with social change, moreover, prompted the early sociologists to conceive of developmental schemes to account for the transformation of society. We should bear in mind that the impressive advances of biology during the 19th Century, coupled with the impact of Charles Darwins theory of evolution, must have paved the way for the conception of society as an entity that goes through a succession of developmental stages. For a while, the developmental approach to the study of social change was circumscribed to the analysis of the Western European nations in which sociology was founded -namely, Germany, France, and England. Later on, however, development studies also came to mean the contrasting analyses o fShow MoreRelatedSociology and Social Change6068 Words   |  25 PagesSOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL CHANGE    The air does not cease to have weight, writes Durkheim, although we no longer feel that weight.(1) The point is, of course, how do we know that there is that thing called air out there if we do not feel its presence? What Durkheim was interested to show, indeed, was that those elements of reality that he came to call social facts(2) were out there, regardless of whether the individuals felt their presence or not. Actually, the individuals are almost never awareRead Morefactors that contributed to the rise and development of sociology1511 Words   |  7 Pagescontributed to the rise of sociology and the latter`s development. In simply terms, sociology is the scientific study of the society and human behavior. The emergence of sociology traces back to the eighteenth century up to present day. Johnson (1998) suggests that in summary, the rise and development of sociology is based on political, economic, demographic, social and scientific changes. Ritzer (2008) asserts that the immediate cause for the beginning of sociology were political unrests especiallyRead MoreSociology : How Human Action And Consciousness Shape The Surrounding Of Cultural And Social Culture1734 Words   |  7 Pagessaid, â€Å"The task for sociology is to come to the help of the individual. We have to be in service of freedom. 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However this description of sociology is only partiallyRead MoreSociology : Sociological And Scientific Study Of Human Behavior And Social Interaction1037 Words   |  5 PagesGiven the many theories and ideas that have influenced the development of sociology, it is possible to misunderstand what sociology truly means. As humanity enters into the 21st century, the study of society has become more relevant than ever. In this day and age where everybody is part of a society, it is crucial to understand the social dynamics invisible to the naked eye. Sociology provides critical insight into what problems our world currently faces and what we can do to prevent further problemsRead MoreWhat Is Sociology?1062 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is sociology? We can start by saying that sociology is the systematic study of human society. Sociology should be more than you find in a good documentary on a social issue. It is certainly more than listings of facts and figures about society. 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